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Fascinated By Fear

William Falls, associate professor of psychology, likes to joke that he didn't discover the brain until graduate school. His fascination with learning and memory actually started a few years earlier as an undergraduate, but it wasnt until he started pursuing his doctorate at Yale that he began looking at learning in the context of how the brain works.

Laptop Battery Since arriving at UVM in 1998, Falls has spent most of his time surrounded by mice, pursuing his research in a lab on the 4th floor of Dewey Hall. Hes focused his attention on the neurobiology of learning, memory and emotion using Pavlovian conditioning procedures in rats and mice to examine the neural systems involved in the acquisition, expression and inhibition of fear.

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Thinkpad Much of his work in the lab involves administering stimuli such as light flashes to rats, followed by an unpleasant, although not painful, reinforcement mechanism. Through conditioning, mice eventually associate the light with the shock, similar to the way a person might associate a traumatic experience from their past with a related sight, sound or smell.

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Microsoft What Ive been interested in for the last 10 years is the idea that once weve acquired these memories, what are the brain areas that are allowing us to learn not to be afraid any more to alter that memory? Falls says. Re-learning is a hot topic. Clearly our ability to learn new things and re-learn and modulate what weve learned is a fundamental aspect of the way we learn and remember. We know its not the case that you learn one thing and thats it.

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Laptop Computers Falls says various forms of therapy have been successful at mitigating the intensity of bad memories, but that relapse is not uncommon and not always explainable. He believes that determining which areas of the brain cause relapses and create feelings of fear and anxiety will pave the way for discovering ways for the brain to erase or re-learn these traumatic memories.

Lingering trauma
Some memories can last a lifetime and can be very difficult to erase or re-learn. Someone with a traumatic memory of a sexual assault, natural disaster, or war tends to produce memories associated with the stimuli that were around at the time of the event. In some cases, this can be debilitating enough that people will not venture outside, ride in a car again, or trust another man.

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Laptop Computer What a lot of therapy does is to deal with those memories by re-exposing you to those stimuli that have been associated with the traumatic event and allow for nothing bad to happen. With Vietnam veterans there were some researchers who would literally sit them down and make them view the movie Platoon. Eventually, viewing these things over and over and over again tends to extinguish that fearful memory.

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Desktop Computer Falls says this type of therapy can make the traumatic memory go away, although he uses the phrase go away cautiously. The focus in the lab is how does that memory go away. How does it extinguish? Is there some area in the brain thats responsible for this and what it does? he says.

Notebooks Fall says his colleague Professor Mark Bouton is a leader in the field in identifying the process through which animals extinguish these kinds of memories. What he has found is that if you train an animal with tone and stimulation and then present the tone over and over again, fear goes away. But if you do that in a particular environment... the fear memory stays specifically in that room. If you move the animal to another room, fear returns.

Lenovo Therefore, Falls says that a person can get therapy that works well in the therapists office, but doesnt translate very well out in the real world. It turns out that the extinction learning tends to be very specific to the place where you learn it. Marks work has definitively demonstrated that the original memory doesnt go away.

Hard Drive This is where Falls's research comes in. I have colleagues tell me their patients deal with relapse all the time. If we could learn how that occurs and how to prevent it maybe from a behavioral standpoint theres something we can do, or from a pharmacological standpoint maybe we can do something as well.

Travelstar The center of the situation
Based on previous research, Falls says the area of the brain that is important for at least the initial processing of a fearful stimulus is the amygdala. If the region is damaged in an animal, or a drug is administered to turn it off, the animal wont acquire the fear memory.

Gateway By inference we say that that part of the brain must be mediating this learning, Falls says. Theres a lot of work in humans as well to show that your ability to recognize fearful facial expressions is dependent on activity on this area of the brain. That leaves us to ask: when fear becomes dysfunctional when it becomes anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder is that a dysfunction of the amygdala?

Laptop Parts In Falls view, theories about fear really get down to brain mechanics. If it really is erasure then we can go back to the learning theories and say they were right, it was erasure. If the brain really does it by inhibiting that original memory, then we go back to those theories. So theres a very basic science, theoretical drive that I have.

Software But ultimately, Falls hopes his research one day helps people directly.

Hard Drives I have colleagues who are clinical psychologists who treat anxiety-related disorders and it would be wonderful to think I could inform therapeutic interventions or development of new drugs to treat these disorders. So thats always the motivation, he says.

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