Laptop Battery 1. Why we need to address tobacco control from a global
perspective
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Thinkpad Reducing tobacco use in the USA -- a country with only 4% of the
world's smokers -- will not solve the global tobacco epidemic. As
cigarette consumption in the US has fallen from 624 billion in 1982
to 472 billion in 1996,[1] output has increased and US to bacco
exports have risen from 85 to 250 billions over the same period.[1]
American (and British) tobacco companies are now flooding the globe
with tobacco products.
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Microsoft US embassies and consulates around the world one-sidedly support
tobacco, not
health, interests. The situation
is akin to the opium wars of 150 years ago, when British
business and
government colluded to sell
another dangerous and addictive product to China. Quotes from
lawyers for opium interests sound remarkably familiar to quotes
from tobacco interests today:[2] 'Smoking is perfectly
innocuous. It is on a par with tea drinking. The alleged effects
of opium have been vastly exaggerated. The use of opium is not a
curse but a comfort to the hard-working Chinese.' The lawyer
also attempted to 'expose the mischievous fallacies disseminated
by the Society for the Suppression of the Opium Trade.'
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Laptop Computers Yet the USA could take a leading and exemplar role in reducing
the epidemic, and export health expertise and experience. The
tobacco epidemic is not being reduced. It is both increasing and it
is being transferred from the rich to the poor countries.
laptop computers is driving strong sales for notebook computers, according to the latest quarterly sales figures from the research firm IDC, which reported a 37% computer sales for the second quarter, compared with a year earlier. In the U.S., laptop sales grew 17.7%, while sales of desktop computers and servers fell 4%. The New York Times ( 10), CNET ( 10)
Laptop Computer The current 1.1 billion smokers in the world will increase to
around 1.64 billion by 2025, partly because the world's population
will have risen from the current 6 billion to 8.5 billion, people
will live longer,[3] and more women will be smoking.
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Desktop Computer On current smoking patterns, by 2025 the annual number of deaths
will have risen from 3 million to 10 million, of which seven
million will be in developing countries, which can ill afford this
burden, either in health or economic terms.
Notebooks The net economic costs of tobacco are profoundly negative --
costs of treatment, mortality and disability exceed estimates of
the economic benefits to producers and consumers by at least 200
billion US dollars annually, with one third of this loss being
incurred by developing countries.
Lenovo Tobacco is a major threat to sustainable and equitable global
development.
Hard Drive 2. How the tobacco industry has impacted on the international
community through politics, economics, and trade policy
Travelstar Transnational tobacco company tactics include promotion,
political and commercial pressures with the weakening of national
monopolies.
Gateway A) Promotion and Sales
Laptop Parts Developing countries are being bombarded with sophisticated,
western tobacco marketing and promotion, including direct and
indirect advertising, sponsorship, product
placement in films, "Marlboro" and "Salem" clothing shops, travel
agencies, funding of political events, and targeting of women,
currently few of whom smoke in developing countries.
Software B) Political and Commercial Pressures
Hard Drives Orchestrated and sophisticated political and media lobbying by
the transnational tobacco companies is now common throughout
developing regions. The TTCs strenuously oppose attempts by
developing countries to introduce their own national public health
laws.
Electronics American tobacco companies have persuaded the US government to
threaten unilateral retaliatory trade sanctions against countries
(to date, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, China)
unless they open up to the sales and promotion of US tobacco
products, even in countries with established national laws
forbidding tobacco advertising. Lobbying on behalf of
tobacco by the US embassies continues.
Canon B) Weakening of national monopolies
Desktop Pc Opening up of markets, joint ventures, and a complex of
licensing agreements have weakened national monopolies. The opening
up of markets is not only leading to a sharp increase in market
share of foreign cigarettes, but is also leading to market
expansion, especially increased smoking among youth. One analysis
showed that market share of US cigarettes in four countries
affected by trade threats -- Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, and
Thailand -- increased dramatically after the countries accepted US
tobacco products. The study also found per capita cigarette
consumption to be almost 10% higher than it would have been if
markets had stayed shut to American cigarettes.[4]
Desktop Computers 3. How local actions can have far-reaching effects
Think Pad Many developing countries have little expertise in countering
the transnational tobacco companies, or in dealing with the new,
non-communicable disease epidemic. The USA has an opportunity to
play a global role in the tobacco epidemic. Countries like Laos and
Bangladesh have little hope of implementing comprehensive tobacco
control policies if the USA does not grasp the political nettle of
tobacco control. Any settlement agreement whereby the US tobacco
companies offer compensation only to people within the USA,
ignoring smokers of US tobacco products elsewhere, would be
ethically unacceptable to the rest of the world. Addressing global
responsibility is complex, but it is an issue that must be
addressed.
Repair While it is the responsibility of each nation to implement their
own tobacco control measures, governmental and non-governmental
organisations in the USA have a very special responsibility:
Data Recovery The exemplar role -- showing that 'It can be done.' The message
from the USA is that smoking rates can be reduced and that
litigation can have a major impact.
Cisco Examples from Forum resolutions:
"...to move progressively towards the adoption of
comprehensive tobacco control policies..."
- It is particularly important that the USA bans all tobacco
advertising, and raising the current very low price of cigarettes
(tax is only 23% of cost).
Keyboard The political role -- showing the importance of government
involvement.
Monitor Examples from Forum resolutions:
Resolution B. Guidelines for international tobacco
trade matters which ensure that human health is protected and that
countries have the right to regulate the transnational tobacco
companies.
Desktop Resolution E. Require the transnational tobacco companies to
adhere to the same standards both domestically and
internationally.
Infosys Resolution F. Campaign reform that limits political
contributions by individual, agencies, companies, and
organizations.
Refurbished Laptops The supportive and sharing role -- supporting tobacco control
measures in developing countries and sharing experience, expertise
and funds. Examples from Forum resolutions:
- The San Francisco Tobacco Free Coalition will
actively work with local, State, National, and International policy
makers to adopt and promote this Global Tobacco Control Policy
Framework;
Wipro Resolution C. Actively support international boycotts of
products produced by the transnational tobacco companies or their
subsidiaries.
Lap Top Resolution D. Social justice criteria for Sister City
relationships which includes adopting all or part of the Global
Tobacco Control Policy Framework.
Refurbished There are already many such examples of the sharing and
supportive role, involving government and non-governmental
organizations.
References
- Temple DK, Chew LL, Wong W, Johnson N, Dikkers A, Pinon BV,
Shimizu M. United States Equity Research: Tobacco. International
Tobacco -- A Global Business for Global Brands. Salomon Brothers
1996 April:27, 12.
- Samuel Couling. Encyclopaedia Sinica. Shanghai; Hong
Kong-Singapore-Yokohama: Kelly and Walsh, Ltd., 1917. Reprinted
Oxford, New York, Melbourne: Hong Kong Oxford University
Press;1983:405-410.
- United Nations. World Population Prospects 1990. Department of
International Economic and Social Affairs. Population Studies No
120. United Nations, New York, 1991.
- Chaloupka FJ, Laixuthai A. US trade policy and cigarette
smoking in Asia. National Bureau of Economic Research, Working
Paper 5,543. June 1996.
Memory Dr. Judith M. Mackay is the Director at the Asian Consultancy
on Tobacco Control, Hong Kong
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