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Roberto Corti, MD, of the the department of Cardiology at University Hospital Zurich in Switzerland and his associates tested the effect of flavonoid-rich dark chocolate on coronary vascular and platelet function in a study involving 22 heart transplant recipients. Half of the patients received 40 grams chocolate consisting of 70 percent cocoa while the remainder received a control chocolate that did not contain flavonoids. Coronary angiography (which provides a picture of the vessels in the heart) and cold pressor testing to assess coronary vasomotion (constriction and dilation of the vessels, which, when abnormal, indicates endothelial dysfunction) were conducted before and two hours after ingestion of the chocolate. Blood samples were analyzed for biomarkers of oxidative stress and platelet function. laptop battery

Coronary artery diameter measurements as determined by angiography increased in participants who received the flavonoid-rich dark chocolate, but remained unchanged in the placebo group. Coronary vasomotion also improved among the group that received cocoa flavonoids, and platelet adhesion was reduced. While the serum marker of oxidative stress decreased, markers of antioxidant status increased in the dark chocolate group. thinkpad

Our results suggest a short-term effect of flavonoid-rich dark chocolate in terms of inducing coronary vasodilation and improving coronary vasomotion and shear stress dependent platelet adhesion, which results in the potential to beneficially affect atherothrombosis, the authors conclude. This beneficial potential provides a strong rationale to further investigate the clinical effects of cocoa in cardiovascular disease. microsoft

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November 19, 2007 laptop computer

EPA linked with physical well-being desktop computer

The November, 2007 issue of the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition reported the outcome of a study conducted in New Zealand which found a positive correlation between physical well-being and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) levels. EPA is an omega-3 long chain fatty acid found in oily fish and the algae they feed on, which has, along with the other omega-3 fatty acids, been associated with numerous health benefits. notebooks

Researchers at the University of Ontago in Dunedin, New Zealand evaluated data from 2, 416 participants in the 1997 National Nutrition Survey drawn from the 1996-1997 New Zealand Health Survey, which assessed the health status and use of health services in New Zealand adolescents and adults aged 15 and up. Written questionnaires administered during interviews were used to assess physical and mental well-being over the previous four weeks. Blood samples were analyzed for serum phospholipids including arachidonic acid and the omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA. lenovo

The researchers found an association between higher level of EPA and greater physical well-being as determined by questionnaire physical component test scores. While neither EPA nor DHA were found to be associated with mental well-being in this study, there was a correlation of the the EPA to arachidonic acid ratio observed with both mental and physical well-being. hard drive

Nails are composed of a hard, strong protein called keratin, as well as small amounts of sulfur, calcium, fats, and water. The nail plate is the visible part of the nail, and it protects the sensitive nail bed underneath it. The folds of skin that surround the nail on three sides are called nail folds. Within the nail plate is the cuticle, which is connected to the nail folds and nail plate, and the lunula, the whitish, half-moon-shaped area at the base of the nail. Nails grow from the matrix, an area under the cuticle, at a rate averaging one tenth of an inch per month. Healthy nails grow continuously; serious illnesses can leave behind tell-tale signs called growth arrest lines, also known as Beau s lines. travelstar

Some of the most often reported nail problems are also among the most bothersome aesthetically and emotionally, even though many of them are not medically serious. Others, such as yellow nail syndrome, may by caused by a serious underlying disease. Below are some of the more common complaints. gateway

Paronychia. Paronychia infection of the nail folds can be caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses. This condition can cause pain, redness, and swelling of the nail folds and may be seen in people who keep their hands in water for extended periods. laptop parts

Brittle nails. Brittle nails are one of the most common complaints. They are generally characterized by vertical splitting or separation of the nail plate at the end of the nail. This is often a consequence of aging as the flow of moisture and natural oils to the nail bed declines. software

Ingrown toenail. Ingrown toenails typically affect the great ( big ) toe and occur when a corner of the nail curves downward into the skin. This condition can be very painful and lead to infection. Ingrown toenails are usually caused by improper nail trimming, poor posture, or tight shoes. Nails should always be cut longer than the tips of the toe to prevent the advancing edge of the nail plate from digging in to the soft tissue of the nail folds. hard drives

Nail psoriasis. This nail abnormality occurs primarily in patients who also have psoriasis of the skin and is seen in about 80 percent of people who have inflammatory arthritis associated with psoriasis, especially when the arthritis affects the toes and fingers. Characteristics include yellow-red discoloration of the nail, pitting, separation of the nail plate from the nail bed, crumbling or splitting of the nail plate, and subungual hyperkeratosis (Farber EM et al 1992). electronics

Onychomycosis. Approximately 7 percent of adults in North America contract this fungal infection, which invades the nail plate, causing the nail to separate from the nail plate (onycholysis) and chalky debris to form under the nail plate (Gupta AK et al 1997, 2000). More than 90 percent of cases are caused by one of two pathogens: Trichophyton rubrum or Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Factors that have an important effect on the development of onychomycosis include increasing age; genetics; and the presence of diabetes, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, or peripheral arterial disease (Faergemann J et al 2003). One multicenter study reported that diabetics are nearly three times more likely to develop onychomycosis than nondiabetics and that up to one third of diabetics may develop nail fungus (Gupta AK et al 1998). canon

Disease Prevention and Treatment is the only book that makes specific recommendations about combining mainstream therapies with diet, nutrients, hormones and unique medications to provide patients with their best chance of preventing or gaining control over serious medical disorders. This is not a nutrition book. Rather, Disease Prevention and Treatment provides guidelines about how to safely use FDA-approved drugs, along with alternative therapies, in order to implement logical treatment regimens to address the multiple pathological processes involved in degenerative disease. desktop pc

The protocols discussed in this book are documented by thousands of published studies from internationally recognized scientific journals. Despite this bountiful evidence, the medical establishment largely ignores many of the therapies recommended in this book. desktop computers

The fourth edition of Disease Prevention and Treatment provides over 1, 500 pages of solid scientific approaches to preventing and treating the diseases of aging. think pad

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Health Concerns | Disease Prevention and Treatment is the only book that makes specific recommendations about combining mainstream therapies with diet, nutrients, hormones and unique medications to provide patients with their best chance of preventing or gaining control over serious medical disorders data recovery

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E Advisor | View a list of LEF protocols for a specific disease or health concern. wipro

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References | A complete listing of all the references from the expanded fourth edition of Disease Prevention and Treatment. memory

Found in more than 100 OTC preparations, including Sudafed , Theraflu , and Tylenol , acetaminophen is used to reduce pain and fever. It has been available in the United States since 1960. Unlike NSAIDs, acetaminophen does not reduce inflammation or blood clotting or cause gastric complications (Roberts LJ et al 2001). intel

Nevertheless, acetaminophen overdose is one the most common causes of OTC drug poisoning in the United States and Britain. More than 30, 000 cases per year of acetaminophen overdose are reported to the American Association of Poison Control Centers (Bartlett D 2004). It is a leading cause of liver failure in the Western world and the leading cause of drug-induced liver failure in the United States (Bartlett D 2004). as400

People who have liver disorders or who consume large amounts of alcohol are advised to avoid acetaminophen, which can damage both the kidneys and the liver, even at therapeutic doses (Bromer MQ et al 2003). People who use acetaminophen on a regular basis double their risk of kidney cancer (Kaye JA et al 2001; Gago-Dominguez M et al 1999; Derby LE et al 1996). averatec

Toxicity

Acetaminophen is extremely toxic to adults in single large doses of about 7000 mg (or 150 mg per kilogram of body weight). This large amount in one setting, however, is relatively rare. Instead, most cases of acetaminophen poisoning occur because people take smaller doses over a long period of time. In this setting, doses of 4000 mg daily can be toxic. In children, daily maximum oral dosing is not to exceed 90 mg per kilogram of body weight (O Malley P 2005). hardware

Acetaminophen poisoning affects the liver similarly to any other toxin, including alcohol. At higher doses, the drug can no longer be metabolized by the liver, and the excess is oxidized into a toxic metabolite. This causes a rapid depletion of the internal antioxidants glutathione and S-adenosyl-L-methionine in the liver. When glutathione levels are reduced too far, liver cell death begins to occur. dual xeon

Symptoms of Overdose

Within 24 hours of a toxic dose of acetaminophen), nausea, vomiting, and abdominal tenderness may be present. Elevation of liver enzymes can occur from an acute dose as soon as 36 hours after ingestion (Ankeer A 2001). Within days, liver damage can result, followed by kidney damage. If liver failure occurs, mortality rates are relatively high (Oz HS et al 2004). Kidney function tests and liver enzyme measurements help assess adverse effects from acetaminophen (Wu E 1994; Brestel E 1994). storage

Treatment

When a person with suspected acetaminophen poisoning is admitted to a hospital, the standard treatment is to administer a prescription drug called Mucosil as rapidly as possible. This drug inhibits the buildup of toxic by-products in the liver, thus limiting free radical damage and antioxidant depletion. The main ingredient in Mucosil is the nutrient N-acetylcysteine (NAC). In cases of acetaminophen poisoning, NAC should be administered within eight hours of ingestion of the acetaminophen. NAC stimulates synthesis of glutathione, which reduces free radical damage in the liver (Harris RA et al 2002). It also may act on the acetaminophen metabolite that directly depletes glutathione (Bartlett D 2004; Ankeer A 2001). seagate

• Anticoagulants that inhibit enzymes in the coagulation cascade, such as antithrombin III (activated by heparin) and proteins C and S computer sales

As you can see, the blood clotting system is quite complex. In the healthy body, a balance is created between the opposing chemicals--for example, coagulants versus anticoagulants; vasodilators versus vasoconstrictors; and platelet aggregators versus platelet aggregator inhibitors. The beauty of nutritional supplements is that they support the natural mechanisms of the body and allow the body to maintain its own equilibrium (homeostasis). computer hardware

THROMBOSIS RELATED TO ATHEROSCLEROSIS (HARDENING OF ARTERIES) It is generally accepted that platelet adherence to plaques on the linings of arteries is part of the atherosclerosis cascade. Platelet adherence is worsened by excess fibrin. Platelets release a platelet-derived growth factor, causing the smooth muscle cells on the walls of arteries to proliferate. The resultant smooth muscle cells have an increased permeability to platelets and lipids, especially LDL-cholesterol. As LDL increases, it penetrates further into the arterial wall. Plaque forms in the arterial wall as a benign neoplastic growth (a monoclonal mutation). Excess fibrin, free radicals, chronic inflammation, homocysteine, oxidized LDL, and environmental hydrocarbons, etc. aggravate this mutation. printers

In the free radical hypothesis, lipid peroxides damage the arterial walls, further enhancing wall permeability, as well as additionally increasing the oxidation of lipids, especially LDL. These free radicals invade the arterial wall and activate cell proliferation and abnormal cell duplication. The newly mutated cells migrate into the arterial wall and induce plaque formation. This cell proliferation increases the surrounding clot growth or thrombus formation. T-cell antibodies regulate this process. The resulting lesions are atheromatous plaque. The surrounding thrombi form primarily from modified smooth muscle cells, LDL, and fibrin. technology

Naturally occurring thrombolytic enzymes that dissolve clots are generated in the endothelial cells of blood vessels. As people age, production of these enzymes slows and the blood is more prone to coagulation. This results in clotting. However, clots can form at any age. mainframe

Thrombosis can be caused by one or more of the following events: samsung

• Injury to the cells that line the heart, arteries, and veins (endothelium) computer repair

• Sluggish blood flow, thatcontributes to venous thrombosis, usually affects the veins of the lower extremities. Venous thrombi may cause one-sided edema of the ankle and foot, but often are asymptomatic until they embolize. used computers

• Alterations in arterial blood flow that give rise to arterial thrombosis network

• Hypercoagulability (thick blood) which can also cause thrombosis digital cameras

• Excess fibrinogen desktops

• Excess platelet aggregation, adhesiveness, and/or activity cognos

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