The energetical potential of solar energy is great, by nowadays
calculations it's approximately 1,57*10^18 Watt peak a year. The
science that studies the methods of collecting and transformation
of solar energy to another kinds of energy is solar energetic.
Laptop Battery There are several priorities of transformation and usage of
solar energy. The first one is transformation of solar energy into
heat and using of it for heating buildings, air conditioning,
heating or distillation of water.
Although it has been around a long time, solar power is only now taking off. Solar panels, which harness the sun's energy, feature in many homes (although nothing compared to the Continent). Solar panels can readily bought in DIY stores and generate electricity via photovoltaic cells. Solar power is also being tested on sound barriers on the M27 in Hampshire to provide electricity as well as noise protection.
Thinkpad The basis of such generators of heat energy is plane solar
collector that allows transforming solar energy to the energy of
heat with a temperature of 160-180 F. It looks like a metallic
frame with special pipes or it's a plane box-like device that let
pass the air, water or special liquids. This collector is put into
heat isolation cover, with the exception of it's working part that
is subjected to the sunrays. A 9 ft. sqr. collector gives up to 20
gallons of hot water (150-170 F) per day. This solar water heats
have a lot of perspectives to be used in remote desert areas or in
the areas with a big number of sunny days. The prime
cost of the hot water produced
by the solar heaters is much lower than one produced by electric
boiler or gas boiler. It doesn't require any fuel and doesn't
pollute the environment. So the advantages of using solar water
heaters are obvious.
Thermal solar power can directly heat water in rooftop panels for houshold supplies and sunlight can also be converted to electricity using photovoltaic cells, which use semiconductors to turn photons into electricity. Both types of power need good light, .Solar panels can power spacecraft, cars and aeroplanes and when new cheaper versions of photovoltaic cells become available more energy could be generated from solar than from nuclear in the next 15 years.
Microsoft The second priority of using solar energy is transformation of
it into electricity. If to cover a silicon crystal with a thin,
pure for light layer of metal, than the photons stream, while
passing through a metal layer, will release free electrons from the
crystal of silicon. Those electrons will start to concentrate in
the metal layer. This will cause a potential difference between
crystal and a metal layer. If to connect thousands of such crystals
in series or in parallel (to increase voltage and current), we'll
get a solar battery that produces direct current.
Also there exists another trend of using solar energy for
electricity production, which is similar to the heat power plant.
It assumes using of
glass pipes cover by the
semiconductor layer from inside. Such pipe will let pass the
sunrays but still collects 80% of them. Sunrays are collected
into a narrow beam of light with a help of conversion lens. Then
this heat is transmitted to the pipe that is inside of the glass
pipe and it heats the working pipe up to 1000 F, which is more
than enough to melt metallic natrium, that melt near 197 F.
Incandescent heat conductor is transmitting to the underground
reservoirs, where the heat collected for the solar energy makes
salt to melt. The heat energy form the salt is transmitted to
water pipes, where the water boils and then the energy of water
steam is used as a moving energy for electric current
generators.
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Laptop Computers The transformation of solar energy into another types of energy
doesn't bring any visible pollution to the environment, which makes
it very beneficial. Other ways of electricity production are
tightly connected with the pollution of environment. 80-85 percent
of energy used by man is got by burning fuel (oil, gas, different
kinds of bio resources). Even so that thee portion of heat power
plants is decreasing now, still
lots of countries use it as a primary source for getting energy
(75% power plants in China and nearly 40% of power plants in
Russia use oil, coal and gas). Heat power plants produces 50% of
carbonic gas, 35% sulphur and nitrogen oxides released into
atmosphere and nearly the same amount of dust. Recent researches
also show that heat power plants twice more pollute the
environment with radiation contamination than do nuclear power
plants.
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Laptop Computer The influence of the hydroelectric power stations on the
environment is also a subject of concern, because it's connected
with alienation of big territories for transformation of them into
reservoirs. Hydroelectric power stations break the ecological aqua
systems, more over they are quite often begin to silt and become
ineffective in some 50-100 years. In the dry areas evaporation from
the surface of water reservoirs is dozen times higher than
evaporation from the surface of the land.
Solar roofing shingles are shingles that look very much like ordinary shingles but they allow your roof to generate solar electric power. Solar roofing shingles install just like traditional asphalt singles. Once you hook them to your home's electrical system, you're generating solar power that can drastically reduce your electricity bill.
Desktop Computer Nuclear energetics has been seen recently is one of the most
promising trends in the electricity production that united cheap
energy produced (one pound of radioactive fuel substitutes two
million tons of coal) and a small influence on the environment. But
the tragedy that happened on the power plant in Chernobyl, Ukraine
proved that nuclear energy has a high potential risk.
Notebooks The exploitation of solar energy can be useful in many ways.
First by substituting the fuel that is used on heat power stations
it reduces the air and environment pollution, it reduces the usage
of oil and other fuel that can be used in more important purposes,
by substituting nuclear fuel it reduces the radiation threat, and
at the same time solar energy generators can make us more secure,
by reducing the dependence upon uninterrupted fuel supply.
4
But still there are many obstacles that prevent mass spreading of
solar energy usage. One of the most obvious is low intensiveness of
solar radiation even in the sunny weather. Another obstacle is high
initial price of solar energy generators.
Lenovo The primary value for making a plane collector solar heater is
1000$ per 1 Watt peak. First looking, it may seem that because of
the high price solar energy generators are not competitive with
traditional electric power plants, where this index is low as 100$
per 1Watt peak. Even small diesel generators are not so costly. But
if to include the fuel price to the coast of each kilowatt than
this comparison won't be so striking. Even it's thought that solar
generators are cheaper in the technical exploitation and lifetime
is longer than that of tradition sources of electric energy. The
calculations show that the price of the electric energy produced by
solar generators can be reduced in future to .05-.01$ per kilowatt,
and for solar water heater approximately to .02$ per
kilowatt.
To be more specific in costs of solar electric systems lets refer
to International Energy Agency data: "The type of system defines
the components you need for a solar system and therefore the costs.
The overall system prices for grid-connected systems vary between
7.8 and 24.0 USD/Watt peak. The price range for solar systems not
connected to the grid is 5.5 to 25.2 USD/Watt peak." But still
there even more disadvantages of solar electric systems. First one
is that they can be used locally, because the direct current
produced by solar systems is effective for transmission on long
distances (not more than 70 miles). In addition if to refer to
MySolar; information on solar energy and solar systems says:
"A solar electricity system causes little extra risk for lightning
when normal precautions (earthing, or lightning protection at
places that a prone to lighting such as high towers etc) are taken.
Lightning can cause damage to equipment such as inverters and
batteries" (available on web:
http://www.mysolar.com/mysolar/pv/yranswers.asp).
Even despite all the disadvantages of solar systems, this kind of
alternative source of electric energy is spreading all over the
world. The leading place in production of electricity by solar
systems is taken by the USA (40% of world's production) with total
power 450 megawatts and with a total square of solar heat
collectors in 100 million sqr ft. And the development of this power
industry will be rapid in next decades.
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Hard Drive Lloyd Johns was a professional freelance writer for 13
years.
Now he is a technical writer, advertising copywriter, &
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