Gold bowties may shed light on molecules and other nano-sized
objects
August 31, 2005
Laptop Battery One of the great challenges in the field of nanotechnology is
optical imaging-specifically, how to design a microscope that
produces high-resolution images of the nano-sized objects that
researchers are trying to study. For example, a typical DNA
molecule is only about three nanometers wide-so tiny that the
contours of its surface are obscured by light waves, which are
hundreds of nanometers long.
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Thinkpad Now, researchers from Stanford University have greatly improved
the optical mismatch between nanoscale objects and light by
creating the "bowtie nanoantenna," a device 400 times smaller than
the width of a human hair that can compress ordinary light waves
into an intense optical spot only 20 nanometers wide. These
miniature spotlights may one day allow researchers to produce the
first detailed images of proteins, DNA molecules and
synthetic nano-objects, such carbon nanotube bundles.
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Microsoft "One of our goals is to build a microscope with bowtie antennas
that we can scan over a single molecule," says W.E. Moerner, the
Harry S. Mosher Professor of Chemistry at Stanford. He and his
Stanford colleagues introduced the bowtie nanoantenna earlier this
year in a study published in the journal Physical Review Letters
that was co-authored by postdoctoral fellow P. James Schuck and
graduate student David Fromm in the Department of Chemistry, and
Professor Emeritus Gordon Kino and graduate student Arvind
Sundaramurthy in the Department of Electrical Engineering.
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Laptop Computers Golden bowties
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Laptop Computer The bowtie nanoantenna consists of two triangular pieces of
gold, each about 75 nanometers long, whose tips face each other in
the shape of a miniature bowtie. The device operates like an
antenna for a radio receiver, but instead of amplifying radio
waves, the bowtie takes energy from an 830-nanometer beam of
near-infrared light and squeezes it into a 20-nanometer gap that
separates the two gold triangles. The result is a concentrated
speck of light that is a thousand times more intense than the
incoming near-infrared beam.
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Desktop Computer "What you end up with is a very small optical spot that you
could scan to make detailed images of molecules and other
nano-particles," says Kino, the W.M. Keck Foundation Professor of
Electrical Engineering, Emeritus. "Normally we use
lenses to focus, but it's not
possible to resolve detail in objects smaller than one-half the
wavelength of light."
Notebooks Because the shortest wavelength of visible light is 400
nanometers, a conventional microscope cannot resolve objects 200
nanometers or smaller. "But the bowtie antenna produces an optical
spot that's 20-nanometers wide, so we're improving the resolution
by a factor of 10," Kino says.
Lenovo Polymers and sensors
Hard Drive In addition to nano-scale optical imaging, Moerner says that
bowties may be useful in photopolymerization, a process that uses
light to create synthetic compounds (polymers), which researchers
can use to trap nano-particles and place them in specific
locations. "It's difficult to put molecules and crystals exactly
where you want them when you're working at a nano-scale," Schuck
explains.
Travelstar Bowties also may have applications in Raman spectroscopy, a
technique that allows scientists to identify individual molecules
by measuring the vibrational energy the molecule emits when exposed
to light. "It's analogous to fingerprinting," Schuck explains.
"Each molecule has a unique vibrational energy, and bowties have a
potential use as biological or chemical sensors that can
differentiate molecules."
Gateway The Stanford team plans to explore these and other practical
applications of bowtie nanoantennas in future experiments. On Aug.
30, Moerner will discuss bowties and other
developments in the field of
nanophotonics at the annual meeting of the
American Chemical Society in
Washington, D.C.
Laptop Parts Stanford University
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