Whey protein contains all essential and
nonessential amino acids, which are important to
maintaining an adequate immune system response. Whey is
also an important supplement to help boost the body s
synthesis of glutathione, and clinical trials have
successfully used whey protein in treating HIV (Marshall K
2004). Whey protein appears to be unique among proteins in
its ability to improve immune function, elevate cellular
glutathione levels, and maintain muscle mass (Marshall K
2004; Micke P et al 2002). laptop battery
Boosting the Immune System
In addition to boosting blood levels of antioxidants,
studies have shown that it is helpful to include dietary
supplements that directly enhance the immune system. Nutrients
that have been documented to boost immune function include: thinkpad
-
CoQ10
People infected with HIV are often deficient in
this important substance. CoQ10 is found in high
concentrations in the healthy heart, where it improves
cardiac function. CoQ10 also increases a number of immune
parameters, including T-cell counts (Folkers K et al 1991;
Yamashita S et al 1997). microsoft
-
L-carnitine
. Also recommended as an antioxidant, L-carnitine boosts
immune function to protect the heart against zidovudine
toxicity (Mutomba MC et al 2000). L-carnitine can also
protect against an increased level in triglycerides that is
associated with protease inhibitors. High doses of
L-carnitine enhance immunological and metabolic functions
(Evangeliou A et al 2003). L-carnitine helps preserve
T-cells by inhibiting cell death (Cifone MG et al
1997). laptop computers
-
L-glutamine
. In addition to its important role as an antioxidant,
the amino acid L-glutamine plays a major role in the
overall health of the gastrointestinal tract. Cells in the
gastrointestinal tract have high energy requirements;
glutamine is converted into adenosine triphosphate, which
is a primary energy source (Alverdy JC 1990; Newsholme EA
et al 1985; Souba WW et al 1985). Supplementation of
antioxidants and glutamine increases body weight and cell
mass. Thus, it provides a highly cost-effective therapy for
the rehabilitation of patients infected with HIV who are
losing weight (Shabert JK et al 1999). laptop computer
-
Vitamin B12
. Studies have shown that patients with AIDS have a
vitamin B12 deficiency as a result of severe nutrient
malabsorption (Ehrenpreis ED et al 1994; Remacha AF et al
1991). Vitamin B12 deficiency is associated with reduced
red blood cell count, depression, memory loss, insomnia,
impotence, and lowered energy. If supplementation does help
restore normal levels of vitamin B12, weekly injections may
be indicated (Rule SA et al 1994). desktop computer
-
Zinc and magnesium
. On average, patients with HIV/AIDS who have low zinc
levels have a higher viral load and lower T-cell counts
(Ferencik M et al 2003; Rousseau MC et al 2000). While on
HAART, the conditions of patients with HIV should be
monitored for zinc deficiencies, and supplements
recommended when necessary (Wellinghausen N et al 2000).
Additionally, low magnesium levels are related to HIV
symptoms and disease progression (Patrick L 2000 Feb;
Skurnick JH et al 1996). notebooks
Wasting and Metabolic Syndromes: The Scourges of AIDS
One of the most dreaded aspects of HIV/AIDS infection occurs
near the end of the infection cycle. Known as wasting syndrome,
it is defined as the involuntary loss of more than 10 percent
of body weight. The weight loss is accompanied by chronic
diarrhea, weakness, and fever (Salomon J et al 2002). lenovo
The major cause of the weight loss is malnutrition, which
emphasizes the need for adequate nutrition in patients with
HIV/AIDS. A comprehensive and diversified nutritional regimen
is critical in order to obtain optimal benefit from the moment
HIV is diagnosed. hard drive
Maintaining adequate nutrition is easier in the earlier
stages of infection. Opportunistic infections may make it
harder to absorb the proper amount of calories and maintain
nutritional health. Low levels of antioxidants and
micronutrients in patients with HIV/AIDS are often related to
low nutrient intake, as well as to malabsorption resulting from
diarrhea and metabolic problems (Butensky EA 2001; Chariot P et
al 2003). travelstar
Fighting the Virus: Natural Approaches
Although there is no cure for HIV/AIDS, therapy has focused
on reducing the ability of HIV to replicate. HAART drugs work
to inhibit viral replication, but the following nutrients and
supplements also have direct antiviral activity. gateway
Lactoferrin
Lactoferrin is derived from whey protein. It has been found
to directly inhibit viruses by binding to viral receptor sites,
thus preventing the virus from infecting healthy cells (van der
Strate BW et al 2001). In vitro studies have found that
lactoferrin strongly binds to the receptors on various strains
of HIV, making it more difficult for the virus to fuse with
healthy immune cells and to enter the cell (Swart PJ et al
1996, 1998). laptop parts
One study that compared 22 asymptomatic and 45 symptomatic
patients with HIV to 30 healthy control subjects found that
plasma lactoferrin levels were decreased in patients infected
with HIV (Defer MC et al 1995). Lactoferrin causes no damage to
healthy cells (Swart PJ et al 1998). software
Olive leaf extract
Olive leaf extract is a nonprescription, over-the-counter
food supplement used for centuries as a natural treatment of
viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections; skin
diseases; arthritis; heart disease; and many other illnesses.
The ancient Egyptians may have been the first to employ the
olive leaf as part of the mummification of their royalty.
Hippocrates, the father of medicine, used olive oil to treat
ulcers, cholera, and muscle pain more than 2500 years ago. hard drives
Olive leaf extract contains a substance known as oleuropein,
which has powerful disease-resistant properties and antiviral
activity (Renis HE 1969). Oleuropein selectively destroys
virus-infected cells but has never shown any toxicity to human
DNA alpha-, beta-, or gamma-polymerases (Renis HE 1969, 1975).
Recently, it has also been shown to have antioxidant activity
(Briante R et al 2001). electronics
Olive leaf extract does not have any side effects itself,
although some people may experience a die-off
effect (also called the Herxheimer reaction) as the olive leaf
extract exerts an antibiotic effect and kills off bacteria. A
die-off effect is caused by a rapid increase in the volume of
waste material and pathogens being carried into the lymph
system and bloodstream. Reactions to the die-off effect include
extreme fatigue, diarrhea, headaches, muscle and joint aches,
and flu-like symptoms. These reactions are temporary and will
pass once the body has rid itself of the circulating toxins. To
protect good bacteria in the gut, a probiotic might be
considered in conjunction with the olive leaf extract. canon
Licorice root extract
Licorice root extract has a wide range of pharmacological
properties, including anti-inflammatory, antiulcer,
antiallergy, antioxidant, antitumor, and antiviral effects. It
is usually used as an anti-inflammatory and has been studied as
an inhibitor of HIV (Baltina LA 2003). desktop pc
Thymus-gland boosters
The thymus gland is the key enabler of T-cell-mediated
immunity. Boosting the thymus with synthetic thymic factors may
improve the ability of the immune system to mount an effective
response to antigens (Al-Harthi L et al 2002; Berzins SP et al
2002; Carcelain G et al 2001; Combadiere B et al 2002; Manfredi
R 2002; Meissner EG et al 2003; Rudy BJ et al 2001). Patients
with HIV/AIDS may consider supporting thymic function with
specially formulated immunological tissue extracts. desktop computers
Milk thistle extract
Milk thistle extract, or silymarin, is a unique type of
bioflavonoid that exerts a protective effect on the liver
(Flora K et al 1998). This is important to patients with
HIV/AIDS who are on HAART. Silymarin supports key functions of
the liver, including the production of glutathione (Flora K et
al 1998). Silibinin is the most active constituent of
silymarin, which is now available in the United States. think pad
Urinary tract infections are the most common, followed by
pneumonias, skin and soft tissue infections, and invasive
bloodstream infections. Surgical wound infections account for
20 percent to 30 percent of cases, but contribute to as many as
57 percent of extra hospital days and 42 percent of extra
costs. Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus, Enterococcus
faecium, Enterococcus faecalis, E. coli, Enterobacter species,
and P. aeruginosa are common pathogens in wound infections
(Goldmann DA et al 1996; Weinstein RA 1991). repair
What Are Bacteria
Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms found in
air, water, soil, and food. They live on plants, insects,
animals, pets, and even in the human digestive system and upper
respiratory tract. There are thousands of kinds of bacteria,
but only a few actually cause disease in humans. data recovery
Bacteria are frequently identified by their shape, the
makeup of their cell walls, and their ability to grow in air.
They can be round (such as staphylococci or streptococci),
rod-shaped (such as bacillus or E. coli), or corkscrew-shaped
(Borrelia species). In most cases, bacteria have cell walls
that provide a target for many antibiotics (antibiotics easily
identify bacteria) (Gold HS et al 2000). cisco
They are also classified by their color after a Gram stain
is applied. Gram-positive bacteria stain blue, while
gram-negative bacteria stain pink. keyboard
Gram-negative bacterial cell walls contain a substance known
as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a highly inflammatory chemical
that provokes an immune response in the human body. LPS is
responsible for triggering the overreaction of the host immune
system, which results in the release of oxygen and nitrogen
species, cytokines, and other proinflammatory mediators. monitor
Conventional Treatment of Bacterial Infection: Antibiotics
and Resistant Bacteria
Antibiotics are the mainstay of bacterial treatment (Archer
GL et al 2004). The goal of these drugs is to kill invading
bacteria without harming the host. Antibiotic effectiveness
depends on mechanism of action, drug distribution, site of
infection, immune status of the host, and resistance factors of
bacteria (Archer GL et al 2004; Roden DM 2004). desktop
Antibiotics work through several mechanisms. Some (such as
vancomycin and penicillin) inhibit formation of bacterial cell
walls. Erythromycin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol
interrupt protein synthesis. Still others inhibit bacterial
metabolism (sulfa drugs) or interfere with DNA synthesis
(ciprofloxacin, rifampin) and/or cell membrane permeability
(polymyxin b) (Conte JE Jr 2002). infosys
When antibiotics were discovered in the 1940s, they were
incredibly effective in bacterial infection treatment. Over
time, however, many antibiotics have lost effectiveness against
common bacterial infections because of increasing drug
resistance (Barie PS 1998; Domin MA 1998). Bacteria may be
naturally resistant to different classes of antibiotics or may
acquire resistance from other bacteria through exchange of
resistant genes. Indiscriminate, inappropriate, and prolonged
use of antibiotics have selected out the most
antibiotic-resistant bacteria (Petrosillo N et al 2002; van der
Waaij D et al 2000). Antibiotic-resistant strains have emerged
in hospitals, long-term care facilities, and communities
worldwide (Flaherty JP et al 1996; Jacobs MR 1999; Levin AS et
al 2003). refurbished laptops
For example, S. aureus is a common bacterial pathogen that
causes pneumonia, skin and urinary tract infections, and blood
and surgical site infections. Some strains that are resistant
to all current antibiotics, including vancomycin, have emerged
in the United States and Japan. Antibiotic-resistant organisms
lead to increased hospitalizations, health costs, and mortality
(Amsden GW 2004; Apfalter P 2003; Austin DJ et al 1999; Baggett
HC et al 2004; Barie PS 1998; Bonten MJ et al 2001; Borer A et
al 2002; Tasota FJ et al 1998). wipro
Besides increased drug resistance, high-dose and prolonged
antimicrobial therapy can eliminate helpful bacterial flora and
predispose people to infection (Carson CF et al 2003; Guarner F
et al 2003). A common adverse effect of antibiotics is
diarrhea, which can lead to loss of essential vitamins and
minerals, especially vitamin K, magnesium, and zinc (Briend A
1988; Brunser O 1977; Fontaine O 1996; Guerrant RL et al 2000).
Other adverse effects of antibiotic therapy include vitamin
deficiencies, seizures, allergic shock (in people who are
allergic to antibiotics), autoimmune disease, decreased
platelets, kidney injury, drug/drug interaction, and death
(Roden DM 2004). lap top
What You Have Learned So Far...
-
Bacteria can be found colonizing every surface of our
environments, and some even live inside our digestive,
respiratory, and genitourinary tracts. Bacteria can be
either beneficial or harmful. refurbished
-
A compromised immune system raises the risk of infection
from harmful bacteria. Also, advanced age, a genetic
predisposition, or compromised nutritional status can raise
the risk of bacterial infection. memory
-
Bacteria can cause a wide range of illnesses, from
gastrointestinal upset to skin disorders to
life-threatening illnesses that require immediate
attention. Dangerous bacteria that cause illness include
Streptococcus species, E. coli, and salmonella. Bacterial
illnesses include diarrhea, respiratory illness, and
pneumonia. intel
-
The mainstay of bacterial infection treatment is
antibiotics. While antibiotics work in the majority of
cases, indiscriminate use of antibiotics has resulted in
the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria. as400
-
A healthy immune system and proper nutritional status
can help stave off bacterial infection or improve the
immune response to infection. An inflammatory immune
response to bacterial infection can result in further
injury to cells and tissues. averatec
Nutritional Approaches to Bacterial Infection: A Healthy
Immune System
Nutritional deficiencies can affect immune response and
increase susceptibility to infection. In turn, infection
further aggravates nutritional deficiencies by increasing
metabolic demands, decreasing nutrient intake, or blocking
absorption from the gut (Calder PC et al 2002; Scrimshaw NS et
al 1997; Scrimshaw NS 2003). Nutritional and dietary
supplements stimulate immune response and may result in fewer
infections, particularly in the elderly and in malnourished,
critically ill individuals (Chandra RK 1999). hardware
Some dietary supplements have been shown to enhance immune
function. dual xeon
Phytonutrients. Phytonutrients are
plant-derived, naturally occurring compounds thought to have
curative, preventative, and nutritive value (Balentine DA et al
1999; Craig W et al 1999). The major immune-boosting components
in fruits, vegetables, and herbs are flavonoids and
carotenoids, which are antioxidants that protect cells from
oxidative damage (Craig WJ 1999; Craig W et al 1999).
Flavonoids have a number of powerful complementary and
overlapping effects, including modulation of detoxification
enzymes, stimulation of the immune system, reduction of
platelet aggregation, modulation of cholesterol synthesis,
reduction of blood pressure, and antioxidant and antibacterial
effects (Craig W et al 1999; Lampe JW 1999). Carotenoids may
boost the immune system to fight bacteria by increasing the
number of white blood cells (Balentine DA et al 1999; Craig W
et al 1999). storage
Alkylglycerols. Alkylglycerols are found in
shark liver oil as well as cow, sheep, and human breast milk.
They are thought to act as immune boosters against infectious
diseases. They have no known adverse effects at relatively high
dosages of 100 milligrams (mg) three times daily (Pugliese PT
et al 1998). For more safety information on shark liver oil,
especially for people with atherosclerosis, see the Safety
Caveats section. seagate
Fighting Bacteria
In addition to immune-boosting supplements, a number of
nutrients have shown antibacterial activity, especially when it
comes to inhibiting bacterial infection. While large-scale
human studies have yet to be conducted on many antibacterial
nutrients, the existing animal studies show considerable
promise with these agents. computer sales
Bee propolis and honey. Before antibiotics,
honey was used to treat bacterial wound infections ( Lusby PE
et al 2002; Miorin PL et al 2003; Molan PC 2002). Bee propolis
has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. In vitro
laboratory studies have shown activity against TB, H. pylori,
skin ulcers, and colitis (Boyanova L et al 2003; Dobrowolski JW
et al 1991; Grange JM et al 1990). computer hardware
Bromelain. Bromelain (a digestive enzyme
derived from the pineapple plant) has been used for centuries
as a folk remedy for digestive problems and to promote wound
healing. It has been proposed as a digestive aid and also has
shown immunomodulatory properties (Engwerda CR et al 2001). In
animal studies, bromelain has been effective against E. coli by
disrupting the bacteria s ability to adhere to the mucosal
lining in the digestive wall (Mynott TL et al 1996, 1997). printers
Cranberry juice. Cranberry juice can be an
effective therapy for bacterial urinary tract infections, both
to manage infection and to reduce recurrence (Fleet JC 1994;
Kontiokari T et al 2001). Cranberry supplements are also
available. technology
Oil of oregano. Oregano oil has been used
for centuries in Far Eastern and Middle Eastern cultures to
treat respiratory infections, chronic inflammation, urinary
tract infections, dysentery, and jaundice. Laboratory studies
in which the oil was applied directly to food-borne pathogens
showed that oregano oil has strong antibacterial properties
(Dadalioglu I et al 2004). Medicinal oregano grows wild in the
mountainous areas of Greece and Turkey. It has a high mineral
content that enhances its therapeutic benefits, including
calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, potassium, copper, boron, and
manganese. This oil is considered safe for humans and may be
used in conjunction with antibiotics to fight bacterial
infection (Preuss HG et al 2005). mainframe
CoQ10. CoQ10 is essential for energy
production in the mitochondria of cells. It is also a potent
antioxidant. Studies have shown that people with allergies may
lack CoQ10 (Ye CQ et al 1988; Gazdik F et al 2002). samsung
Magnesium. Magnesium is utilized by every
cell in the body and participates in energy metabolism and
protein synthesis. The body vigilantly protects blood magnesium
levels, in part because at least 350 enzymatic processes depend
on magnesium status for activation. As magnesium levels
decline, the incidence of allergies and asthma increases, and
magnesium has been used in the acute treatment of asthma
attacks (Langsjoen P et al 1994; Hijazi N et al 2000).
Magnesium directly depresses smooth muscle activity, which may
help relieve the bronchoconstriction seen in asthma (Swain R et
al 1999). computer repair
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Fibromyalgia Updated: 02/20/2006
Fibromyalgia is a relatively common disorder characterized
by widespread muscle pain, stiffness, and disturbed sleep.
People with fibromyalgia may have pain that lasts for months,
or even years. Some people with fibromyalgia will be in
continual pain. The disease, however, is complex and poorly
understood. In 1990, the American College of Rheumatology set
up criteria for the classification of fibromyalgia. Researchers
have not yet uncovered the cause of fibromyalgia, although they
have presented a number of theories (Kasper DL et al 2005). network
Fibromyalgia tends to occur in women much more often than in
men. It is estimated that more than 80 percent of people with
fibromyalgia are women between the ages of 30 and 60 years
(Ataoglu S et al 2003). As many as 10 million people in the
United States battle this chronic illness, and fully 5 percent
of the world s population may contend with it (Goldenberg
D 2002). digital cameras
Patients with fibromyalgia often present with comorbid
conditions such as: desktops
Studies in Australia and Canada have shown that 50 percent
of patients with fibromyalgia who took no medication
experienced a complete remission of all symptoms within 2
years. The other 50 percent had one or more symptoms of
fibromyalgia for more than 2 years (Goldenberg D 2002). cheap computer
The Causes of Fibromyalgia
Although we do not yet know what causes fibromyalgia, great
strides have been made in recent years in uncovering the
underlying pathology of the disease. In fact, in recent years,
researchers have begun to rethink fibromyalgia. For many years,
fibromyalgia was thought to be a muscle disorder, but new
research is also implicating the central nervous system.
According to the newest research, it is a disease characterized
by central sensitization of the spinal cord and central nervous
system (Bennett R 2005; Gerwin RD 2005). This sensitization may
occur because of inflammatory cytokines that trigger inducible
nitric oxide synthase (INOS) in muscle tissue. The INOS causes
inappropriate stimulation of pain receptors and an increase in
oxidants such as the peroxynitrite radical and other reactive
oxygen species. digital camera
Numerous studies have examined the role of nitric oxide in
fibromyalgia, with interesting results: printer
-
A study found that women with fibromyalgia experienced a
reduced flow of nutrients to muscles after exercise.
Researchers speculated that this might be related to
elevated levels of INOS, which stimulates increased levels
of nitric oxide (McIver KL et al 2006). xseries
-
A paper examining the recent theories on the cause of
fibromyalgia hypothesized that oxidative stress may play an
important part in the disease. The paper called for
double-blind studies to be done on antioxidants in the
treatment of the disease (Ozgocmen S et al 2005a). maxtor
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A review of dozens of separate studies found that the
central sensitization associated with fibromyalgia may be
caused by stimulation of pain receptors in the muscles that
causes changes in the spinal cord and central nervous
system. These changes are strongly dependent on nitric
oxide (Mense S 1999). data storage
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A hypothesis presented in one journal proposed that
abnormally elevated levels of nitric oxide within the
central nervous system generate high levels of
peroxynitrite, an oxidant product of nitric oxide. This
causes oxidative damage in tissues affected by the disorder
(Pall ML 2005c). hitachi
While there is still much to learn, these new findings
suggest several targets for fibromyalgia therapy, including
antioxidants to limit oxidative damage and nutrients that
inhibit pain receptors and transmitters in the muscles. One
important pain transmitter is substance P, which is elevated in
the cerebrospinal fluid of people with fibromyalgia (Stratz T
et al 2004). rational
Of course, this is not the only avenue of research.
Fibromyalgia is a complex disease that is influenced by
multiple factors, including hormonal and psychological issues.
For instance, the increased prevalence of fibromyalgia in women
suggests a hormonal influence. This association is strengthened
by observations that women who have fibromyalgia are much more
likely to have late onset of menstruation and lower fertility
rates than women without fibromyalgia (Schochat T et al 2003).
Many of the most common fibromyalgia symptoms widespread
muscle pain, fatigue, poor sleep, gastrointestinal problems,
and depression also occur regularly in people who have
demonstrated hormonal deficiencies (Adler GK et al 2002). websphere
Alternatively, many patients with fibromyalgia report that
their symptoms began after they had experienced
trauma particularly injuries to the head and neck.
Fibromyalgia also seems to be aggravated by infection; it is
known that chronic viral infection can trigger symptoms (Adak B
et al 2005; Goldenberg D 2002). battery
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Fibromyalgia
All people with fibromyalgia have widespread, significant
pain. Other symptoms include, in descending order from most
common to least common (Wallace D et al 2002): it support
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Unrefreshing sleep western digital
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According to the indictment, Jones would steal various IBM and Penguin computer servers from Verisign's warehouse in Virginia and sell them to Johnson. Johnson would then sell the servers to several individuals, who would sometimes place them for sale on eBay. As a result of this scheme, the indictment alleges that Jones and Johnson caused Verisign to lose more than $120, 000 worth of computer equipment. In the indictment, Jones and Johnson are charged in three counts with causing the interstate transportation of stolen property, namely IBM 330 and 335 servers, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
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